High-performance formic acid gas detection using a quartz crystal microbalance functionalized with Cdot-decorated polyvinyl acetate nanofibers

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Analyst, 2026, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D6AN00209A, PaperChlara Naren Maharani, Henny Afiyanti, Firdausya Danuansa, Ihsan Nurijal, Roto Roto, Aditya Rianjanu, Kuwat Triyana, Witha Berlian Kesuma Putri, Rizky AflahaThis study successfully obtained a high-pe…

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High-performance formic acid gas detection using a quartz crystal microbalance functionalized with Cdot-decorated polyvinyl acetate nanofibers

* Corresponding authors

a Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

b Research Center for Nanotechnology Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Building 440-441 Kompleks Sains dan Teknologi (KST) B. J. Habibie, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected] (W.B.K.P.), [email protected] (R.A.)

c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, BLS 21, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

d Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia

e Center for Green and Sustainable Materials, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia

f PT Novara Teknologi Indonesia, Jl. Sukun MBS No. 3, Condong Catur, Sleman 55283, Indonesia

Abstract

Formic acid is an organic compound that can be harmful and toxic to human health. Thus, accurate detection of its concentration in the air is crucial. Therefore, this study aims to develop a formic acid gas sensor based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with an active layer of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanofibers and carbon dots (Cdots). Tests using the sensor show that the addition of Cdots significantly improves its performance. The sensitivity of the sensor with a PVAc nanofiber active layer was 0.126 Hz ppm−1, while after the addition of Cdots, the sensor's sensitivity could reach 2.552 Hz ppm−1, an increase of 20 times. The fabricated sensor also has high selectivity toward formic acid compared to other analytes. Additionally, the response and recovery times of the sensor were found to be 27 and 63 seconds, respectively. Also, the fabricated sensors show high stability under 29 days of testing. Therefore, the fabricated QCM-based sensor using Cdots as an active layer could be a promising candidate for the development of an effective and sensitive formic acid gas sensor.