Advances in Regeneration of Spent Graphite Anodes via Fabricating Artificial Interphase

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Green Chem., 2026, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D5GC07000G, Tutorial ReviewMengxiao Wu, Shanshan Pan, Xuejiao Dai, Jiateng Shi, Danfeng Jiang, Rulin Hou, Jiajia Li, Jie Yan, Haitao ZhangThe global growth in the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has r…

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Advances in Regeneration of Spent Graphite Anodes via Fabricating Artificial Interphase

Abstract

The global growth in the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has resulted in the rapid accumulation of spent graphite (SG) anodes, creating substantial environmental pressure. Efficient recycling of SG can significantly mitigate these impacts and reduce the consumption of natural graphite resources. Recently, the recovery and regeneration of SG have received increasing global attention. In this review, the structural characteristics of graphite and its structural evolution during electrochemical cycling are analyzed, and the failure mechanisms responsible for performance degradation are summarized. Recent advances in deep purification and structural reconstruction were summarized, including purification approaches and structural reconstruction strategies. The regeneration of SG via artificial interfacial engineering are subsequently reviewed, including surface coating, doping, and composite strategies, offering targeted technical guidance for graphite recycling. The opportunities and challenges associated with recycling SG from spent LIBs are also highlighted. This review provides a technical reference for sustainable recovery and high-value reutilization of graphite anodes in LIBs.

• This article is part of the themed collection: 2026 Green Chemistry Reviews