Precision graphene nanoribbons: chemical strategies for tailored edge, backbone, and electronic structure

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Chem. Soc. Rev., 2026, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D6CS00220J, Tutorial Review Open Access &nbsp This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Xinyu Chen, Yuanhuan Qiu, Jin-Jiang Zhang, Xiangyang Liu, Ji Ma, …

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Precision graphene nanoribbons: chemical strategies for tailored edge, backbone, and electronic structure

* Corresponding authors

a College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

b Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]

c Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
E-mail: [email protected]

d Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany

e College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional graphene nanostructures, are promising candidates for next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic applications due to their tunable (opto-)electronic and magnetic properties. The intrinsic properties of GNRs are critically determined by atomic-scale structural parameters such as width, edge configuration, and backbone architecture, all of which can be precisely designed and regulated through bottom-up synthetic strategies. Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in the bottom-up chemical synthesis of GNRs, and a diverse array of innovative structural engineering strategies, such as edge topology modulation, backbone modification, and heterojunction construction, have been developed. These advances have enabled precise control over GNR characteristics and have deepened understanding of their structure–property relationships, correlating atomic-scale features with electronic band structure, charge-carrier mobility, spin polarization, and topological states. This review summarizes the latest developments of precision GNRs, focusing on how rational design and synthetic breakthroughs have transformed GNRs into a versatile, atomically precise materials platform. By integrating advanced synthesis and characterization methods, the research field is paving the way for functional GNR-based devices in future electronic, spintronic, and quantum information systems.

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