Future directions and emerging trends of sustainable energy harvesting: innovations in photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems

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RSC Adv., 2026, 16,17725-17744DOI: 10.1039/D6RA01556E, Review Article Open Access &nbsp This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Nadia Anwar, Muqarrab Ahmed, Shaheen Irfan, Muhammad Adnan, Shern-Long Lee…

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Future directions and emerging trends of sustainable energy harvesting: innovations in photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems

* Corresponding authors

a College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
E-mail: [email protected]

b Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
E-mail: [email protected]

c Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

d Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

e Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
E-mail: [email protected]

f Center for Quantum Computing and Quantum Materials, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan

g Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore 562112, India

Abstract

This review seeks to present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in sustainable energy harvesting technologies, with a focus on photovoltaic (PV), and thermoelectric (TE) systems. It examines the evolution of next-generation PV technologies, such as perovskite and tandem solar cells, which demonstrate remarkable potential for high-efficiency, low-cost energy conversion. In parallel, it explores progress in TE materials, including nanostructured and organic compounds, that have led to enhanced thermoelectric performance and broadened application prospects. The review discusses key challenges related to the scalability, stability, and integration of these systems. Furthermore, it highlights the synergies of combining PV and TE technologies to enhance overall energy-harvesting efficiency. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends and proposing strategic directions for future research to accelerate the development and commercialization of sustainable energy harvesting solutions.