Black-Box Data: A new paradigm for biomedicine in the AI era

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Chem. Sci., 2026, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D6SC01189F, Perspective Open Access &nbsp This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Luca Naef, Michael BronsteinAs Artificial Intelligence cements its rol…

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Black-Box Data: A new paradigm for biomedicine in the AI era

Abstract

As Artificial Intelligence cements its role as a cornerstone of scientific discovery, the field is undergoing a fundamental shift beyond the current transition from "white-box" first-principles models to "black-box" deep learning. We argue that a parallel, necessary transformation is emerging in data generation: the rise of "black-box data." These data sources are intentionally optimized for machine consumption rather than human intuition—a trade-off we contend is essential to achieving the scale required for high-capacity biological foundation models. This article defines the "black-box data" paradigm, explores the necessity of this shift for the future of AI-driven science, and provides a unifying taxonomy illustrated by both historical precedents and contemporary breakthroughs.