Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/BiOX mixed-phase for electrochemical detection of paracetamol

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RSC Adv., 2026, 16,17612-17626DOI: 10.1039/D6RA01611A, Paper Open Access &nbsp This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Raamisa Anjum, Md. Hasanuzzaman, Muhammad Shahriar Bashar, Juliya Khanam, Umme Sarmeen Akhtar, A.…

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Facile synthesis of Bi2O3/BiOX mixed-phase for electrochemical detection of paracetamol

* Corresponding authors

a Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
E-mail: [email protected]

b Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

c Institute of Energy Research & Development, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract

In recent times, paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) detection has become crucial due to its widespread clinical use combined with the public health issue of hepatotoxicity from overdose. In this research, mixed-phase Bi2O3/BiOX (X = Cl, Br and I) was synthesized at room temperature in a single-step solid–state reaction and for the first time used in paracetamol detection. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transformed infra-red (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-visible Spectrophotometry were performed to determine the existence of a double phase in the compounds and to specify the characteristics. Different electrochemical methods were performed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with Bi2O3/BiOX to sense paracetamol. The highest surface area of 3.496 cm2 was found for the Bi2O3/BiOCl electrode which showed an electron transfer coefficient (α) of 0.4 and electron transfer rate constant of 0.12 cm s−1 for the process. As Bi2O3/BiOCl showed a superior response to the other samples, the limit of detection (LOD) = 2.24 ppm, as well as the limit of quantification (LOQ) = 7.47 ppm was determined in a linear concentration range of 1–50 ppm by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Paracetamol detection was also inspected by pulse voltammetry at a linear concentration range of 0.5–5 ppm. The sensitivity of the electrode was found to be 0.9776 µA ppm−1, coupled with excellent reproducibility.